Frank Lloyd Wright: Literary and Architectural Legacy

Frank Lloyd Wright: Literary and Architectural Legacy Introduction: There is a depth in each building that surpasses the visible physical characteristics of its structure. The philosophy that derives the experiences created within is an essential element in understanding each building or structure. It is this philosophy that differentiates an architect from another. And it was the organic philosophy in architecture that lifted Frank Lloyd wrights status to be called the greatest American Architect of all times. Through the study of his various writings, this paper explores his philosophy and analyses it in light of his design process and some of his constructed works. The Principles of the Organic: It was Lao Tze, five hundred years before Jesus who declared, that the reality of the building consisted not of the walls and roof but inhered in the space within, the space to be lived in.[1] For Frank Lloyd Wright, the center line of organic architecture was form and function are one. They become one, they are integral. He conceived this integrity, from within outward, as the modern architects guide and opportunity. Out of the ground and into the light was an opportunity. The nature of material was also an opportunities. All three opportunities were limitations but they were also a condition of success. Human nature was one of these materials, as well, served by the building and serving it.[2] In his various writings Frank Lloyd Wright explained the principles guiding and driving his organic architecture. He believed that the knowledge of the relations between form and function was essential for the practice of architecture and could only be achieved by studying nature and its principles.[3] From the simplicity inhered in nature he deducted certain ideals for organic architecture. First, that a building should contain as few rooms as possible. The ensemble of these rooms should be considered for comfort, utility and go hand in hand with beauty. Second, the openings should be integral features of the structure and form, providing it with natural ornamentation, instead of rich looking decoration. He also argued that the appliances, furniture and fixtures should be should incorporated in the general scheme of the structure. [4] For Wright simplicity was not in itself an end but it was a means to an end. The reticence in ornamentation in these structures is mainly for two reasons: first, they are the expression of an idea that ornamentation should constitutional, a matter of the nature of the structure, beginning with the ground plan. Second, because buildings perform their functions in relation to human life within, to develop and maintain the harmony of a true chord, broad simple surfaces and highly conventionalized forms are inevitable. According to him, these ideas take the building out of school and marry them to the ground, make them intimate expressions or revelations of the exteriors; individualize them regardless of previous notions of style.[5] Natures principles also formulated other ideals in organic architecture. Frank Lloyd Wright maintained that the individuality of a person should be reflected in the style of the house he inhabits, therefore there should be as many styles of houses as there are kinds of people. He also asserted that a building should grow easily from its site and be shaped to harmonize with its surroundings, making it quiet, substantial and organic. The use of colors was also an important aspect, for they had to fit to live with the natural forms they do. Therefore he encouraged the use of soft, warm tones of earth and autumn leaves in preference to the blues, purples or greens and greys. Bringing out the nature of material was an essential ideal to organic architecture, describing them as friendly and beautiful. He believed that following the prevalent traditions leads to structures that become soon out of fashion, stale and profitable, insisting that each house should have character of its own.[6] T herefore organic principles grew out of nature and its principles; however there are other aspects that have partially led to its growth. Rejection of Classical and Renaissance Architecture: I deliberately chose to break with traditions in order to be more true to tradition than current conventions and ideals in architecture would permit. [7] The principles of organic architecture, though they seemingly developed out of natures principles were also partially born from Wrights critique of previous classical and renaissance styles. In the First evening of his London lectures in 1939,Wright declared that the classic was more of a mask for life to wear rather than an expression of life itself. [8]He strongly critiqued the view of architecture as a fashionable aesthetic, arguing that modern architecture rejects all grando-mania, every building that would stand in a military fashion. [9]He encouraged architectsto abandon the cherishing of preconceived form fixed upon them, and to exhale to the laws of common sense to determine from them the form and material of the building in light of its purpose, resulting in a differentiation between the different forms of the building due to their varying function, asserting that Form and Function are one.[10] Wright criticized the tall interiors that were divided into box like compartments, where the architecture mainly involved healing over the edges of the curious collection of holes that had to be cut in the walls for light and air to permit the occupant to get in or out. [11] Wright observed that, in nature, the individuality of its attributes are seldom scarified. Unlike the classical buildings in which an order is establishes, for example a colonnade, then walls are added between them, reducing them to pilasters, with the result that every form is outraged, the whole an abominable mutation. The Approach to Design: All architecture must begin there where they stand[12] Out of the principles of the organic, Frank Lloyd Wright maintained a design process throughout his career that he describes in his book the Future of Architecture. He strongly believed in building from within outward. To achieve this vision he started by determining which consideration came first in the design process. The first determinant was the ground. By this he meant the nature of site, soil and climate. The next consideration was the choice of available materials taking into account the financial cost. The third was the choice of means of power for construction. Man, machine or both? He believed that what rendered his buildings as creative was this process of from within outward, giving life the whole, and giving life to the structure by adopting the ideal of form and function are one, or organic.[13] Wright believed that the character of the site is the beginning of any building which aspires to architecture. He argued that architects ought to accept the fact that the ground already has form.ÂÂ   This to him was a gift from nature to be cherished and accepted.[14] Therefore, in designing his domestic architecture he was careful about considering and incorporating certain elements. First was free association with the ground. Second, sunlight, vista and a spaciousness that conforms to a modern sense of demanded space.ÂÂ   The third element was privacy. Fourth was a free pattern for the arrangement of rooms to be occupied by the families. He argued that as families vary so must the houses. However, he affirmed that these requirements should be incorporated in the architecture of the building in an integral harmony of proportion to the human figure, so that the building protects and cherishes the individuals vital necessities and fine sentiments.[15] The Logic behind the Plan: I have great faith that if the thing rightfully put together in true organic senses with proportions actually right the picturesque will take care of itself.[16] Frank Lloyd Wright believed that all the forms in his plans are complete in themselves and frequently do duty at the same time from within and without as attributes of the whole. There was a tendency towards a greater individuality of the parts emphasized by more and more complete articulation. Moreover, the ground plans were the actual projection of a carefully considered whole.ÂÂ   The architecture wasnt thrown up as an artistic exercise, a matter of elevation from a preconceived ground plan. The schemes were conceived in three dimensions as organic entities. Wright ventured to let the picturesque perspective fall how it will. With a sense of the incidental perspectives, he believed the design will develop. [17] In the Future of Architecture and in an article in the architectural record he describes the logic behind the plans in his architecture. He mentions the most important factors in designing the plan which are materials, building methods, scale, articulation, expression or style. The logical norm for the scale of the building was the human scale. He believed that the unit of size of the building varies with the purpose and material of it, therefore he adopted a unit system for the plan, establishing a certain standardization. By adopting the human scale, he trusted nature to give the proper values to a proper whole. Materials also affected scale. He used the most natural material suiting the purpose. Using wood led to a slender plan, light in texture narrow in spacing. A stone or brick plan was heavy, black in masses and wider in spacing. In cast block building, the scale was done to be adequate to the sense of block, box and slab and there was more freedom in spacing.[18] In his domestic architecture, he designed that house with a garden that arranges itself about and within it so that the individual can enjoy the sun and view while keeping privacy. He gave priority to the living room, given its status as the room common to all, adding a fireplace to it. The modern industrial developments allowed him to make the kitchen a part of the living room relating it to another part of the same. He occasionally added an extra space for reading or studying. By creating this association between living and dining he ensured the convenience and the privacy of the members of the family. Wright gave importance to the bathrooms making them large enough to accommodate for dressing rooms, closets for linen, occasionally a wardrobe with perhaps a couch in each. He made the bedrooms adjacent to the bathroom unit, designing them to be small, airy and easily accessible from the living room. [19] His logic is derived from the ideal of form and function are one. The inspiration of his ideal grew from nature, not its form but its principles. In nature, an organism is a living one when all is part to the whole and whole is to the part.ÂÂ   Wright argued that this correlation which is found any plant or animal is a fundamental principle in organic architecture. He also maintained that any building should come to terms with the living human spirit.[20] Considering the individuality of the owner in the design process, led to certain puzzlement regarding the notion of style. The Question of Style: Styles once developed soon become yardsticks for the blind, crushes for the lame, and resources for the impotent.[21] Frank Lloyd Wright asserted that he had enough types and forms my work to characterize the work of an architect but certainly not enough to characterize an architecture. To him there was no worse of an imposition than to have some individual deliberately fix the outward forms of his concept of beauty upon the future of a free people or even a growing city.[22] The form may differ, he asserted, but in every case the motif is adhered to throughout so that it is not too much to say that each building aesthetically is cut from one piece of goods and consistently hangs together with an integrity impossible otherwise. In a fine art sense the designs grew as natural plants grow, the individuality of each is integral and is as complete as skill, time, strength, and circumstances would permit. The method in itself does not necessarily produce a beautiful building, but it does provide a framework as a basic which has an organic integrity.[23] Wright believed that style came as a byproduct of the process he maintained in his design. The way an architect achieves an integrity in his design came, first, by studying natures material to find the properties most suited for the purpose, then, by using organic architecture as guide, to unite these qualities to serve that purpose.[24] In his plan Wright did use a form of standardization, a unit of size for the building. However, he warned against the tendency in the human mind to standardize. He viewed standardization as a mere tool, though indispensable, should be used to the extent that it leave the architect free to destroy it at will, to the extent only that it does not become a style, or an inflexible rule-is it desirable to the architect. It is desirable only to the extent that it is capable of new forms and remains the servant of those forms. He believed that standardization should be allowed to work, but never to master the process that yields the form.[25] In his various designs Wright took into consideration the individuality of the occupant and his needs. Wright responded to the critics who suspected that individuality of the owner and occupant of the building is sacrificed to that of the architect who imposes his own upon everyone alike, by saying An architect worthy of the name has individuality, it is true, his work will and should reflect it and his buildings will bear a family resemblance one to another. The individuality of the owner is first manifest in his choice of his architect, the individual to whom he entrusts his characterization. He sympathizes with his work; its expression suits him and this furnishes the common ground upon which client and architect may come together. Then, the architect with his ready technique, he conscientiously works for the client, idealizes his clients character and taste and makes him feel the building is his as it really to such an extent that he can truly say that he would rather have his ow n house than any other he has ever seen[26] In order to fully understand wrights methodology, it is essential to look at how his principles have formed his designs and buildings. Looking at the Prairie house style and Taliesin, the examples show how Wright succeeded in maintaining his philosophy, while providing diversity of forms. Prairie Houses: In his book An American Architecture, Wright describes his love and fascination with prairie, along with the elements of the prairie that guided his designs. I loved the prairie as great simplicity. And I saw that a little of height on the prairie was enough to look like much more. The natural tendency of every ill- considered thing on the prairie is to detach itself and stick out like a sore thumb in surrounding by nature perfectly quiet. All unnecessary heights have for that reason and the human scale, (other reasons, economic too) been eliminated. More intimate relation with outdoor environment and far-reaching vista is sought to balance the desired lessening of height.[27] The Prairie style was an attempt by Wright to create an architecture that suited the American lifestyle and landscape. Strongly horizontal plan of house with a low sheltering roof, bands of art glass windows, stucco walls with wood banding, and outreaching garden walls had many of the features that characterized this version of Wrights organic architecture.[28] The Little house on Lake Minnetonka (figure1) is an example of how organic architecture is reflected in the house. The living room is the dominant space in the house. Mrs. Little was an accomplished musician and wanted the room to double as recital space. The height of the ceiling adds to the rooms grandeur. Flanked by two long walls with more than a dozen art glass windows on two levels, the room has the lightness of an outdoor pavilion. Clear glass was used in the leaded panels so that the views, the lake to one side and the forest to another, would not be obstructed. The delicate designs of lines and triangles, concentrated on the outer edges of the window, reach across several panels, creating a larger composition than on just the one window. The art glass skylight, an intricate checkerboard of tiny squares and triangles, are framed by heavy wood moldings.[29] Wright focused on using an appropriate kind of furniture. The rectilinear Prairie Style furniture with the sturdy oak shapes of tables, cabinets, and chairs adapted easily to the houses scale. The vertical spindles of the radiator covers are repeated in the base of the print table and seem to capture the rhythm of the wood marking strips across the ceiling. The strong horizontality of the entire house and the room itself pulls the scale back down to a more human level.[30] The Taliesin: No house should be a hill or anything or anything. It should be of the hill. Hill and house should live together, each happier for the other.[31] This is Wright famous quote regarding the Taliesin in Wisconsin (figure2). In studying Wrights architecture it seems interesting to look at building he designed for him personally. This specific house is consistent, rich and appropriate in its management of prospect and refuge. It is also a gentler, more intimate, and more freely composed house than any others of wrights works.[32] In designing domestic architecture Wright regarded the house as refuge from two generalized and impersonal threats. One is climate the other is the social intrusion by the community.[33] When Wright built the Taliesin, he considered these two universal threats along with two personal threats, one external from his feeling of societal hostility for leaving his wife, the other internal from an inner sense of disorientation and confusion. [34] This attests to the individuality in his design. He built the Taliesin encircling the side of the hill, with its back to wall, making it seem as if it was of the hill. However this placement and his famous quotation about this house dont apply to previous prairie houses like the Hardy, Little, Ennis and Morris houses. Perhaps this placement was more related to the nature of the site, since in Taliesin the hill was inappropriate, partly because of Wrights sense of it sanctity, but partly because he needed to have his the therefore, its back against the wall, for which purpose the hilltop could not work. Therefore he chose the hillside around which the living spaces were arranged.[35] The dominant image was that of roofs which emerged randomly from the hillside vegetation, with a repetition of gentled shingled spaces, taking the slopes of the hills as their slopes. The deep overhanging eaves were all at uniform level, forming a continuous eave line.[36] Wright argued on many occasions that he was trying to destroy the box, by which he meant the self-contained room of traditional domestic architecture. He used the open plans in the prairie houses. However in Taliesin, in spite of the fluid disposition of the rooms, there is no sense of an open plan, rich and complex but a box nevertheless. Unlike prairie, this living space did not open through articulating devices to any contiguous space, nor did any other rooms. This was appropriate at Taliesin where containment was deliberately sought and consistency developed in so many other ways.ÂÂ   Also, the terrace did not extend from either range of windows that released the view. It lay rather behind the scenes. Probably this issue was a provision of view downward to the valley from the living room. This view would have been frustrated by a terrace, especially by one with a solid plastered rail.[37] The way Wright treated Taliesin in its particularity, attests to his claim that he didnt adopt a style. The particularity of the site, the nature of materials, individuality and function were the determinants of the form of the building. Conclusion: Wrights philosophy revolved around the organic. He articulated his philosophy clearly in his various writings that totaled to more than one and half million words. He defined the word organic as an entity, part-to whole- as whole- is to part, intrinsic.[38] The ideal of the organic was form and function are one. This ideal guided his design process, the logic behind his revolutionary open plans and is reflected in his different works. And despite the differences in his works, he managed to maintain an organic integrity in his designs. Image index: Figure 1 [39] Figure2 Bibliography: Hildebrand, Grant. The Wright Space: Pattern and Meaning in Frank Lloyd Wrights Houses. Seattle: U of Washington, 1991. Lind, Carla. The Wright Style. New York: Simon Schuster, 1992. Klinkowitz, Jerome. Frank Lloyd Wright and His Manner of Thought. Madison, Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin, 2014. Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Future of Architecture. New York: Horizon, 1953. Wright, Frank Lloyd, and Andrew Devane. In the Cause of Architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright: Essays. New York: Architectural Record, 1975. Wright, Frank Lloyd, and Donald D. Walker. An American Architecture. New York: Horizon, 1955. [1] Frank Lloyd Wright, The Future of Architecture. (New York: Horizon) 1953, p 226 [2] ibid, p 297 [3] Frank Lloyd Wright, and Andrew Devane. In the Cause of Architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright: Essays. (New York: Architectural Record) 1975, p54 [4] ibid [5] Ibid, p60 [6] ibid, p55 [7] ibid, p123 [8] Frank Lloyd Wright, The Future of Architecture. (New York: Horizon) 1953, p 225 [9] ibid , p226 [10] ibid, p227 [11] Frank Lloyd Wright, and Andrew Devane. In the Cause of Architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright: Essays. (New York: Architectural Record) 1975, p55 [12] Frank Lloyd Wright, The Future of Architecture. (New York: Horizon) 1953,p299 [13] ibid, p297 [14] ibid, p299 [15] ibid, p315 [16] Frank Lloyd Wright, and Andrew Devane. In the Cause of Architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright: Essays. (New York: Architectural Record) 1975, p59 [17] ibid [18] ibid, p154 [19] Frank Lloyd Wright, The Future of Architecture. (New York: Horizon) 1953, p 316 [20] ibid, p 298 [21] Frank Lloyd Wright, and Andrew Devane. In the Cause of Architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright: Essays. (New York: Architectural Record) 1975, p163 [22] ibid, p 124 [23] ibid, p59 [24] ibid, p124 [25] ibid, p 163 [26] ibid, p60 [27] Frank Lloyd wright and Donald D. Walker, An American Architecture. (New York: Horizon) 1955, p193 [28] Carla Lind, The Wright Style. (New York: Simon Schuster) 1992, p 72 [29] ibid, p84 [30] ibid [31] Frank Lloyd Wright, and Andrew Devane. In the Cause of Architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright: Essays. (New York: Architectural Record) 1975, p11 [32] Grant Hildebrand, The Wright Space: Pattern and Meaning in Frank Lloyd Wrights Houses. (Seattle: U of Washington) 1991, p 64 [33] ibid, p62 [34] ibid, p63 [35] ibid, p64 [36] ibid [37] ibid, p72 [38] Frank Lloyd Wright, The Future of Architecture. (New York: Horizon) 1953, p 323 [39] Carla Lind, The Wright Style. (New York: Simon Schuster) 1992, p 72

Models of Communication Essay

Communication Model: A model is an abstracted model of reality. A good model comes as close to reality as possible and discusses and explains the reality. But being an abstraction, a model is not a reality; it is only a representation of reality. For e.g: an architectural model is only a model of the house giving a fair idea of the number of rooms, layout etc; but it is not the house per say. Defination: communication model is a pictorial representation to show the structure of communication process in which various components/ elements are linked. They are based on assumptions that theorists make as to how communication functions and what effect it has upon individuals and society.a a variety of models exist, all of which strive to explain the different components of communication and the role each part plays in the total process. Advantages of models: * They allow us to ask questions * They clarify complexity by reducing the process to simple, more familiar terms. * They lead us to new discoveries by positioning hypothetical ideas and relationships. Limitations * Can lead to over-simplification. * Can lead to confusion between models and the actual behavior it potrays. * Models can be confused with reality. By looking at the models we hope to: * Represent the main lines of thought above the process of mass communication. * It provides us with historical review of the progress in human understanding of how communication works. Functions of models: * Providing images of the whole that one may not otherwise be able to see. * Helps in understanding information in a simplified way which would be otherwise complicated and ambiguous. Evaluation of communication models: * How general is the model? How much material does it organize? * How fruitful is the model? How helpful is it in discovering relations, facts or materials? * How accurate and original is the model? * How important is it to the field of enquiry? History: * Models started with a simple ‘source- message-channel-receiver’ process but were rapidly modified during the 50’s. * The 1950’s was a fertile period; critical aspects to the communication process were added to develop a more comprehensive picture. * During the decades of the 60’s and 70’s the interest in relevant model building had shifted towards search on specific aspects of the model rather than the process. * Also increasing complexity of understanding of the process made diagrammatic representation difficult. Aristotle’s model of communication: Writing 300 years before the birth of Christ, Aristotle provided an explanation of oral communication that is still worthy of attention. Based on five basic elements, his model is focused more on public speaking rather that interpersonal communication.

Economy: Questions Essay

Answer each question fully. Complete sentences are not necessary. Lesson 1 (3.0 points) 1. What are the three tools the Fed uses to keep the economy stable? (1.0 points) 1. fund rate 2. discount rate 3. reserve requirement ratio 2. What is a recession? (0.5 points) a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters. 3. What is domestic commerce? (0.5 points) Domestic commerce refers to the buying and selling of products within a particular country. 4. What is Congress? (0.5 points) the national legislative body of a country. 5. What is monetary policy? (0.5 points) Monetary policy is the decisions a government makes to control the supply of money, availability of money, and value of money. Lesson 2 (3.0 points) 1. What is antitrust law? (0.5 points) antitrust law, which forbids agreements among competitors to fix prices or prevent fair competition 2. What is globalization? (0.5 points) Globalization is the trend toward local, regional, or national economies becoming connected through communication, business, and trade. 3. What is free trade? (0.5 points) A free trade zone (FTZ) is a specific class of special economic zone. They are a geographic area where goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and reexported without the intervention of the customs authorities. 4. What is exchange rate risk? (0.5 points) Exchange rate risk is the risk that investors and business people have when converting their money to a foreign currency to invest or do business. 5. What is a country’s trade balance? (0.5 points) A country’s trade balance is a comparison of its imports to exports. 6. What is an exchange rate? (0.5 points) The exchange rate tells you how much one unit of currency is worth when converted to another currency.

Carnegie Mellon Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Carnegie Mellon University is a private research university with an acceptance rate of 17%. A mid-sized university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Carnegie Mellon is best known for its top-ranked science and engineering programs. The university also has a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa  for its impressive liberal arts and sciences program and is a member of the  American Association of Universities because of its research strengths. Academics are supported by a 13-to-1  student/faculty ratio. On the athletic front, the CMU Tartans compete in the NCAA Division III University Athletic Association, a group of eight universities committed to both academic and athletic excellence. Considering applying to this highly selective school? Here are the Carnegie Mellon admissions statistics you should know. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Carnegie Mellon University had an acceptance rate of 17%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 17 were admitted, making Carnegie Mellons admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 24,351 Percent Admitted 17% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 38% SAT Scores and Requirements Carnegie Mellon requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 72% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 700 750 Math 750 800 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Carnegie Mellons admitted students fall within the top 7% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Carnegie Mellon scored between 700 and 750, while 25% scored below 700 and 25% scored above 750. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 750 and 800, while 25% scored below 750 and 25% scored a perfect 800. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1550 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Carnegie Mellon. Requirements Carnegie Mellon does not require the SAT writing section. Note that CMU participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. At Carnegie Mellon, SAT Subject tests are recommended for certain programs, so make sure to review the guidelines for the program to which youre applying. ACT Scores and Requirements Carnegie Mellon requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 42% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 33 35 Math 32 35 Composite 33 35 This admissions data tells us that most of Carnegie Mellons admitted students fall within the top 2% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Carnegie Mellon received a composite ACT score between 33 and 35, while 25% scored above 35 and 25% scored below 33. Requirements Note that Carnegie Mellon does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. Carnegie Mellon does not require the ACT writing section. Regardless of whether you submit the ACT or SAT, SAT Subject tests may still be recommended (dependent on the program to which you apply). GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of Carnegie Mellons incoming freshman class was 3.84. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Carnegie Mellon University have primarily A and B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Carnegie Mellon University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Carnegie Mellon University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Carnegie Mellon has a highly competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Carnegie Mellon has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong application essay and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside Carnegie Mellons average range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students, and you can see that most applicants who got into Carnegie Mellon had A averages, SAT scores (ERWM) above 1300, and ACT composite scores of 28 or higher. However, many students with high GPAs and test scores still get rejected from Carnegie Mellon. If your academic record includes a few B grades and your standardized test scores arent stellar, you should consider CMU a reach school. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Carnegie Mellon University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Securing the Quality of Data - 725 Words

2.3 Securing the quality of data Adopting explicit evaluation criteria increases the transparency of the research and provides the researcher with the means to highlight the strengths and limitations of that particular research (Eriksson, P., Kovalainen, A., 2008). According to Eriksson, P., Kovalainen, A. (2008), one of the reasons that lead to a poor-quality research is when a qualitative research is assessed with the help of evaluation criteria adopted from quantitative research and vice-versa. Conducting a quantitative research requires gathering data from a large number of samples whereas in qualitative research, generally, data is collected from a relatively smaller number of participants and the focus is on understanding the participants social world in depth through probing, asking questions and case studies. When conducting a qualitative research, the question shouldn’t be â€Å"How many interviews do I need to do to get my theory accepted†? According to Eriksson, P., Kovalainen, A. (2008) , by asking this question, the logic of quantitative acceptability enters into qualitative research. As mentioned earlier, assessing a qualitative research with the evaluation criteria adopted from quantitative research leads to a poor quality research and vice-versa. Instead, when evaluating qualitative research as a good-quality research, the focus should be on the materials obtained from the interviews, quality of the interviews and the logic through which a researcher makesShow MoreRelatedThe System Development Life Cycle1357 Words   |  6 Pageswith respect to the IIS and its data. In addition, the security policy should include appropriate procedures to ensure local site data and software are properly managed. The IIS applications such as general reader, general user, and site manager need to be created to support the objectives of the policies (Arzt, 2007). 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Allegory Of The Cave Vs Social Media Essay - 1779 Words

Did you know that in just three years, the amount of people using social media networks is expected to reach 2.95 billion. That is almost a third of the world’s population. As of 2016, 78 percent of the US population was sharing and tweeting on their social media platforms. Which means 78 percent of our population are living with an impaired perspective of everyday life. In the allegory of the cave, Plato explained what it would be like to experience an impaired perspective of life. So how does the allegory of the cave represent social media today? By using symbolism to show that the real world was not the world of our experience, much like social media outlets perceives in today’s world. Plato in The Republic, described a group of people†¦show more content†¦With all of these media outlets right at our finger tips, we are susceptible to just about any reality we want to dive into. New stories break every day and the scariest part is, it doesn’t have to be true to write about it, or report about it, or tweet about it. These days, anyone with a cell phone can post something on the internet and it will be there forever. First, news of the hack to the Democratic National Committee broke mid-June of 2016. Hackers broke into the servers stealing private emails, campaign correspondence, and opposition research. Then Wiki Leaks got ahold of those emails, made them public and revealed some scandalous situations. In an article written by Jim Sciutto and Pamela Brown called â€Å"Did Russia Hack the Election†, they stated that in October of 2016, the US government publicly announced that it was â€Å"confident† that Russia had hacked the Democratic National Committee and other political organizations of the Democratic Party. (Brown) During this time, the news went on a frenzy saying that Russia had hacked the election. After that, it was a snowball effect, reporting it must be true because then President-elect Trump was repeatedly praised by Vladimir Putin, and reports showed financial ties between Trump and Russia, sparking considerable speculation that this is the reason he would not release his tax returns (Fishbein). So not only was the newsShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesconstitute Chapter 5 was first read, and the Festival of the New Cinema (Pesaro, Italy), which organized the round-table discussion during which the last chapter in this volume was originally presented. The idea of bringing together a number of my essays in a single volume, thus making them more easily available, originated with Mikel Dufrenne, Professor at the University of Paris-Nanterre and editor of the series in which this work was published in French. He has my very warm gratitude. C . M. Cannes

Othello (1528 words) Essay Example For Students

Othello (1528 words) Essay On a recent episode of House, a popular television show, a competitive bicyclist was admitted to the hospital after having a close encounter with death. The doctors completed examination after examination until they concluded that the patient?s illness was the result of his use of illegal paraphernalia. At this point, the doctors had to make a moral decision as to whether or not to report their patient on the basis of his cheating. On one hand, the patient was worshiped by children and his reputation would be ruined if he were to be turned in. Dr. Allison Cameron believed that the patient deserved to be turned in and that the children who worshiped him deserved to know the truth about the patient. She said that the patient ?isn?t who he says he is.? However, Dr. James Wilson questioned, ?Who cares who he says he is In today?s society, just as there was in the House episode, there is a disconnect between appearance and reality. A person?s appearance, how an individual is described fro m what can be seen on the outside, may be far from reality, or what is on the inside. The theme of appearance versus reality, however, is far from being something that has just appeared in recent years. In fact, this theme is present in many of William Shakespeare?s works, specifically Othello, which date back to the late 1500?s and the early 1600?s. The first instance in which the theme of appearance versus reality appears is with Othello. Othello appears to be loved and respected by his peers. And even though most of his peers describe him as the ?valiant Moor?, ?valiant Othello? or the ?brave Moor?, some characters do not truly see Othello as described (Shakespeare I,iii,47-48; I,iii,288). For instance, Iago?s statement of ?I hate the Moor? clearly demonstrates how some characters show abhorrence toward Othello (Shakespeare I,iii,350). Also, during the initial acts of the play, Othello is portrayed as a strong and confident character. However, all of the allegations that Iago mak es about Desdemona being unfaithful to Othello quickly breaks Othello down and he becomes easily ?driven to jealousy? (McCulloch 77). Othello is also socially insecure, which may be attributed to him being a black man in a white man?s world. Not to mention, he is a black man in a high ranking position that requires him to give orders to white men. Additionally, Othello appears to be one who is calm and has self control, even under the most difficult of circumstances. But, Othello turns to rage and revenge in the final acts of the play. In fact, Othello, who had never struck Desdemona before, strikes her during one of their conversations and, on many other occasions, raises his voice at Desdemona. These actions, which are far from the actions of a calm and collected man, surprises other characters, including Lodovicio who makes the following comment: Is this the noble Moor, whom our fill senateCall all in all sufficient? Is this the natureWhom passion could not shake, whose solid vir tueThe shot of accident nor dart of chanceCould neither graze nor pierce? (Shakespeare IV,i,249-253)Othello is not the character that others thought he was. Another instance in which the theme of appearance versus reality appears is within Othello and Desdemona?s relationship. According to Cahn, the love between Othello and Desdemona, the foundation of the story, is itself based on illusion (17). When Othello is describing to Brabantio how Desdemona fell in love with Othello, he makes the following comment:My story being done,She gave my story for my pains a world of sighs. She swore, in faith, ?twas strange, ?twas passing strange,?Twas pitiful, ?twas wondrous pitiful. She wished she had not heard it, yet she wishedThat Heaven made her such a man. (Shakespeare I,iii,157-162)Desdemona, being wooed by the ?hero at the core of this story? and the story of his life, is not in love with, but is infatuated with Othello (Cahn 17). ?She does not know Othello as a man, but only as a fantasy figure? (Cahn 17). In essence, Desdemona is in love with the heroic actions and noble deeds of Othello rather than his inner being, his character, and his personality. Similarly, Othello is not in love with Desdemona as a person, but is in love with Desdemona because of an attitude that Desdemona has shown toward Othello and the respect that she gives him. Othello says that ?She loved me for the dangers I had passed,/And I loved her that she did pity them? (Shakespeare I,iii,166-167). He ?is in love with Desdemona because she has shown him such passion? (Cahn 17). Although Othello as a character and the relationship he had with Desdemona are both good examples of how the theme of appearance versus reality appears in Othello, the prime example of this theme is Iago. All characters in Othello believe that Iago is a sincere, honest and trustworthy character. Othello, when talking about Iago, says, ?A man he is of honesty and trust? and again Othello says, ?I know, Iago, thy honesty and love? (Shakespeare I,iii,281; II,iii,225). Cassio refers to Iago as ?honest Iago? and, when speaking of Iago, states, ?I never knew a Florentine more kind and honest? (Shakespeare II,iii,300; III,i,38). Even Desdemona says ?O, that?s an honest fellow? when referring to Iago (Shakespeare III,iii,5). Roderigo is under the impression that Iago simply wants to help him in his pursuit of Desdemona and, therefore, entrusts his money in the hands of Iago. Perhaps these characters hold these views of Iago because that is how he projects himself. Or perhaps these characters hold these views of Iago because of his good reputation. ?How can anyone set up a reputation of honesty ex cept by being consistently honest over a long period of time (McCulloch 78) They have no reason to distrust a man that declares that ?I am an honest man? (Shakespeare II,iii,244). However, this fa?ade of honesty, trustworthiness and sincerity masks Iago?s evil intentions and his manipulative and deceitful ways (Appearance). In one of his soliloquies Iago proclaims that ?I am not who I am? and on another occasion asks, ?What?s he then that says I play the villain (Shakespeare I,i,65; II,ii,301) Iago believes in cheating and lying for gain and is concerned only about himself (McCulloch 78). The one who others thought was trustworthy mocks those, specifically Othello, who are willing to trust anybody that appears trustworthy, which is demonstrated by the following comment: The Moor is of a free and open natureThat thinks men honest that but seem to be so,And will as tenderly be led by the noseAs asses are. (Shakespeare I,iii,379-383) Additionally, Iago openly tells the audience that he will create a plan that will cause Desdemona to ?make the net that will enmesh them all? (Shakespeare II,iii,326). He even tells Roderigo that he ?hates the Moor? (Shakespeare I,iii,366). Instead of using Roderigo?s money in order to assist him in his pursuit of Desdemona as Iago told him he would, Iago hoards Roderigo?s money. Othello is tricked into believing that Desdemona is having an affair without having any concrete evidence. Even still, Iago runs Cassio out of his position by claiming that Cassio was involved with Desdemona and is the mastermind behind the plot of Roderigo stabbing Cassio. These are not things that a sincere, honest, and trustworthy man would say or do. And it is because of this, that when Iago?s peers find out the truth of his plot and thus his character, his peers no longer associate Iago with ?honest? and ?kind?, but with a ?Spartan dog?, an ?inhuman dog!? and even a ?viper? (Shakespeare V,ii,360;V,I,62; V,ii,284). .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b , .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b .postImageUrl , .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b , .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b:hover , .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b:visited , .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b:active { border:0!important; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b:active , .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub7607a9ab7fb786cfc4c1201e540f17b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Articles Of Confederation (527 words) EssayNiccolo Machiavelli once said that ?For the great majority of mankind are satisfied with appearance, as though they were realities and are more often influenced by things that seem than by those that are? This quote sums up the recurring theme that can be found throughout Shakespeare?s play Othello- appearance versus reality. The theme can be found with Othello the character, within Othello and Desdemona?s relationship, and with Iago. The disconnect between appearance and reality causes a discrepancy between what seems to be and what actually is. It is appearances that often disguise reality and just as Aesop once said, ?Appearanc es are often deceiving.? Works CitedAppearance and Reality in Othello. Term Papers Lab. 30 Dec 2008 http://www.termpaperslab.com/term-papers/Appearance-Reality-Othello/55653.html. Cahn, Victor I.. The Plays of Shakespeare A Thematic Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. McCulloch, Helen, and Gary K. Carey. Cliff Notes Shakespeares Othello. Foster City, CA: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 2000. Shakespeare, William . Othello, the Moor of Venice. Perrines Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, Ninth Edition. Thomas R. Arp/ Greg Johnson. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.